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Keywords: astrogeochronology, rhythmostratigraphy, geochronological time-scale, planetar megacycles, stages of the Globe history, geological ages, sedimentation eras, tectonic cyclicity, orogenic periodicity, geocataclysms rhythm, Galactic year, Galaxy rotation effect, Milky Way rhythmic influence, geodynamic eons.
It is established that the duration of geological eras and periods determined by the rotation of the Galaxy. There are periods of 200 million years and multiples them, as well as smaller periods (about 50 million years). Lunar chronology confirms this. It proposes the new geochronological scale, corresponding to the Galactic circulation period (galacycle).
It is found that at the boundaries of the galacycles in the Globe history catastrophic events occur. The purported reason for these events - the fall of large asteroids, possibly extrasolar origin. These bombings resulted directly or indirectly (through volcanic activity effort) to dusty atmosphere and enlarged cloudiness (when meteorites fall in the oceans). Reducing solar radiation resulted in hypothermia and beginning of the Ice Age. More precipitations in the form of snow in the polar latitudes increased the reflectivity of the Earth, reducing the inflow of solar heat. Incidental geological event could be a continental split. These geological disasters have led to biological accidents, when 40 to 95 percent of all species died out.
Keywords: geochronology, geochronologic scale, geological era, stage of the Globe history, Earths crust evolution, Lunar time scale, selenological timescale, Galactic rotation, galacycle, Milky Way impact, species extinction, biologic catastrophe, geological cataclysm, ice age, asteroid attacks, old continental split.
At the beginning of the XX century geologists Penk and Brikner investigated alpine glaciation and established the relative chronology of the post-glacial and interglacial epochs of the Quaternary history of the Alps [1]. Then they were able to obtain a numerical expression of the intensity and duration of climate change of interglacial periods. Putting the time on the abscissa and the displacement of the snow line on the ordinate, they received a broken line, which is called "the climate curve of Penk-Brickner".
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Koeppen, Milankovich and Wegener (1924) saw the cause of these changes in the oscillations of solar heat value - the main factor that determines the climate of our planet. The amount of heat that the earth's surface receives depends, at a fixed value of solar radiation, from 3 changing values:
These three changes of motion depend on the attraction between Earth and other solar planets. Milankovich calculated what the actual combination of this three changes. He built the curve, which he called "Solar radiation in the summer half-year in high latitudes during the Quaternary period of 650,000 years". Change the value of solar radiation on the vertical axis is shown as change of the latitude. The curve does not account for the influence of Earth's atmosphere and geographical factors (e.g., the presence of large continental masses to the north of the equator). Koeppen in 1924 noted a striking similarity between the curves of Penk-Brickner and Milankovich. And Eberl, having spent detailing the history of the glacial period of the Alps, built himself curve whose projections also coincided with projections of Penk-Brickner's and Milankovich's curves. As Eberl pointed the traces of more ancient glacial epochs, he asked to continue the Milankovich curve calculated for the first 650,000 years, the length of time in one million years. Comparison of the new older parts of the Milankovich's and Eberl's curves again revealed their striking similarity. Subsequently, it was recognized that the impact of geographic factors on Earth's climate is much greater than astronomical. But now again they came to the conclusion [5], that quasi-periodic oscillations in the Earth's orbit (precession and eccentricity) and an obliquity of the Earth's axis were the main factor of climate change in the past, which are imprinted in the sedimentary sequences. On the picture 1 [5, picture 3] we can see, that peaks of sedimentation were repeated approximately every 100 million years. |
Picture 1.
Astronomy variables that control the solar insolation, determined by the rotation of the Earth around the Sun and its axis (нћїнѕ©. Astronomical factors in the formation of rhythmic sequences of sedimentary strata (нћїнї©. Values of eccentricity, obliquity and precession of the axis within the last million years. (Strasser et al., 2006, figs 1, 3, partially) |
Such attempts to do a satisfactory explanation of climate changes on Earth by cosmic causes encourage to further research in this area for the entire Earth's history. If the Earth's climate is influenced by the planet in the Solar system, it may be also some space factors affect to the Solar system and its objects?
Relationship of the frequency of climate change, the introduction of kimberlites and accumulation of oil to global fluctuations of the Earth engaged in VA Epifanov (SNIIGGIMS, Novosibirsk, Russia). In particular, he showed [3, 4] that a period of oil accumulation is 216 million years. That is corresponds to the Milky Way orbital period [1]. Probably, many other researchers studied the effect of the surrounding stars, structures and processes in our Galaxy at the solar system. The most interest is to establish patterns and causes of major geological and biological events of the Globe. Evaluation of these Galactic factors is the subject of this paper.
The subject of our research will be key events in the history of the Earth and life on it - their possible relationship and frequency. The method of investigation - chronological comparison of these events together. It will be explored the following key events:
In addition, we compare the geochronology with time scales of the moon and other planets of the Solar System (from the available data).
Now we reduce together all these key events on the basis of the Earth time scale.
Let's compare the chronological scale the Earth, Moon, Mars, Mercury and Venus which are available to us.
When viewing a geochronologic scale [2] I had noticed that many periods multiple of about 200 million years. And it is the period of our galaxy rotation (which, except for part of its matter, rotates as a solid). The Solar System for 180-200 million years makes a complete revolution around the Galactic center. During this time it maybe feels the periodical gravitational or radiation effect from some matter accumulations or Galaxy's neighbors. After a detailed analysis of the geologic time scale, this assumption is fully confirmed.
In addition, it appears that Lunar time scale is also multiples of approximately 200 million years and it's periods are also consistent with the geologic periods. This confirms the assumption that the great stages in the evolution of the planets are not determined by internal causes but external ones - from the Space.
This comparison is convenient to show in tabular form (see the table lower). The chronology is given in millions and billions of years - according to 2009 [2]. For clarity the ancient eras shifted to higher. Thus, the Proterozoic, Archean and Catarchean eras became as eons, their periods - as eras and their epochs - as periods. Next to their name, in brackets - it's duration. Farther, for each period their "marking" is described - how do they differ from the adjacent and how are their boundaries determined? For these periods in Earth's history the most important geological and biological events are presented too.
History of the Earth | History of the Moon | Turnovers of the Galaxy | ||||||
Eons | Ages | Periods | Begin | Duration | Periods | Begin | Galacycles | Begin |
Phanerozoic (542) |
Cenozoic (66) |
Anthropogene / Quatemary (2,6 Ma).
Extinct of big mammals (10-12 Me). Ice Age (1 Ma). |
2,6 Ma | Copernican 1100 | 1100 | Our modern 0 galacycle (66) It began with cooling and extinction |
66 | |
Neogene (20 Ma) | 23 Ma | |||||||
Paleogene (43 Ma) Global cooling (34 Ma) | 65,5±0,3 Ma | |||||||
Mesozoic (185) |
Cretaceous (80) Partition of Laurasia (200-135). in the Eurasia and N.America. Breaking up of Gondwana (120-190?). Extinct of dinosaurs (65). Asteroids? |
145,5±0,4 | -1st galacycle 185 Began with mass extinction | 251 | ||||
Jurassic (54) | 199,6±0,6 | |||||||
Trias (51) Desintegration of Pangea in Laurasia and Gondwana (220-150). Half of the species had disappeared (210). Asteroid? |
251,0±0,4 | |||||||
Paleozoic (291) |
Permian (48) 95% of species extincted (251). Volcanism? Australia split from Gondwana. Asteroid? |
299,0±0,8 | -2nd galacycle 193 Began with glaciation and extinction |
444 | ||||
Carboniferous (60) Formation of Pangea (360). Gondwanian glaciation (350-230? / 340-240, max 280). |
359,2±2,8 | |||||||
Devonian (57) 85% of species extincted (364). Asteroid 5 km (360)? |
416,0±2,5 | |||||||
Silurian (28) | 443,7±1,5 | |||||||
Ordovician (44) Death of 25% of the sean families (450). Ice age (460-420/410). |
488,3±1,7 | -3 galacycle (191) Began with glaciation (and extinction?) | 635 | |||||
Cambrian (54) The explosion of speciation |
542,0±1,0 | |||||||
Proterozoic (1958) |
Neoproterozoic (458) |
Ediacaran (Vendian) (93) Varangan glaciation (680-570). Beginning of the Laurasian desintegration. |
635 | |||||
Cryogenian (215) "Earth-snowball" (850-630 / 750-650) with 2 glaciations (one of them - 716,5 duration of 5 million year). Sturtian glacial epoch? (800). Disintegration of Rodinia (750). |
850 | -4th galacycle (215) Began and ended with glaciations | 850 | |||||
Tonian (150) Beginning of the Rodinia desintegration. ДжЄ±жІ±лЇҐ glaciation (950-900). Asteroid attack? |
1000 | -5th galacycle (150) Began with glaciation | 1000 | |||||
Mesoproterosoic (600) |
Stenian (200) Supercontinent Rodinia | 1200 | Eratosthenian 2100 | 3200 | -6th galacycle (200) | 1200 | ||
Ectasian (200) | 1400 | -7th galacycle (200) | 1400 | |||||
Calymmian (Early Riphean) (200) | 1650±50 (1600) | -8th galacycle (200) | (1600) | |||||
Paleoproterosoic (900) |
Statherian (200) | 1800 | -9th galacycle (200) | 1800 | ||||
Orosirian (250) | 2050 | -10th galacycle (250) | 2050 | |||||
Rhyacian (250) | 2300 | -11th galacycle (250) | 2300 | |||||
Siderian (200) Oxygen catastrophe (2,4). Huron glaciation (2,5/2,4-2,1/2,0 bil.). Vanish of the hothouse effect Increase of precipitations? |
2600±100 2500 | -12th galacycle (200) Began with glaciation | 2500 | |||||
Archaean (1500) |
Neoarchaean (300) | Neoarchaean glaciation (2650) | 2800 | -13th and -14th galacycles (and glaciation between ones) | 2650 2800 |
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Mesoarchaean (400) | 3200 | -15th and -16th galacycles | 3000 3200 |
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Paleoarchaean (400) | 3600 | Imbrian 650 [600?] |
3850 [3800?] |
-17th and -18th galacycles | 3400 3600 |
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Eoarchaean (400) | 4000 | -19th galacycle | 3800 | |||||
Nectarian 70 [200?] | 3920 [4000?] |
-20th galacycle | 4000 | |||||
Catarchaean (600) | 4600 | Pre-Nectarian 613 | 4533 | -21st, -22nd and -23rd galacycles | 4200 4400 4600 |
Let's compare the eras and periods of the Phanerozoic (see the table lower). Paleozoic era, in general, fit into 2 Galactic turnover. Therefore, we divide it into two parts - neopaleozoyskuyu (from Permian to Silurian) and Eopaleozoic (Ordovician, Cambrian and Upper Proterozoic of the Ediacaria).
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In addition, it appears advisable to bring the existing geochronological scale in line with the Galactic cycles. It may be, for example, a chronological system, consisting of 24 eras:
For periods of the Cenozoic era after the Paleogene proposed probable name. The Cenozoic, according to our estimates will last for about 120-130 million years. In the end of the Cenozoic (late Teratogenic) are possible catastrophic events and global climate change. Most likely, it will be a major bombardment of asteroids, extensive ice age, and perhaps split of some continents.
Keywords for seeking about geochronology and stratigraphy:
astrogeochronology, geochronology, geochronological scale, geochronologic timescale, planetar time-scales,
geological eras, stages of the Globe history, Earths crust cyclic evolution rhythm,
Galactic year, Galaxy rotation effect, Milky Way cyclic influence, galactocycle, galacycle,
geocataclysms, species extinctions, biologic catastrophes, ice ages, asteroid attacks, paleocontinental splits.
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