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Лексиконы

Тюркская грамматика

«Чисто агглютинирующие языки алтайского типа с небольшим инвентарем экономно используемых фонем, с неизменяемыми корнями, отчетливо выделяющимися, благодаря своему обязательному положению в начале слова, и с отчетливо присоединяемыми друг к другу всегда вполне однозначными суффиксами и окончаниями, представляют из себя технически гораздо более совершенное орудие, чем флектирующие языки…». (Князь Н. Трубецкой)

Разделы страницы об общетюркском предложении и связи слов в нём, тюркских словоизменительных постфиксах:

• Строение тюркского предложения и комплексных слов (синтаксис)
• Тюркское словооизменение (морфология и реляция)

Также смотрите библиографию по тюркологии а также страницы о тюркском праязыке и общетюркских лингвопроектах (ортатюркской модели).

Строение тюркского предложения и комплексных слов (синтаксис)

Общий порядок слов в тюрксом предложении - алтайского типа: SOV.

Тюркское словооизменение (морфология и реляция)

Турецкие "суфффиксы" (словоизменительные афффиксы)

Богатство словообразовательных возможностей тюркских языков демонстрирует обширный список турецких "суффиксов" с одноимённого учебного портала The Turkish Suffix Dictionary, но это, наверное, не только деривационные суффиксы, но и реляционные постфиксы (или только они), причём, там они даются каждый отдельно во всех сингармонических вариантах. Объединив варианты, получим список из 6 десятков аффиксов:

1. -(y)A: -a : -e : -ya : -ye - направительный падеж: at-a - к лошади, на лошадь; ev-e - к дому, домой; araba-ya - к машине, в машину; gemi-ye - к кораблю, на корабль.
2. (y)Abil-: -abil : -ebil : -yabil : -yebil - возможность, способность: al-abil-ir может взять gid-ebil-ir может пойти al-ma-yabil-ir может не взять git-me-yebil-ir может не пойти
3. -(y)AcAk-: -acak : -ecek : -yacak : -yecek : -acağ- : -eceğ- : -yacağ- : -yeceğ- - будущее время (в т.ч. причастие буд. вр.): al-acağ-ı the X (s)he/it will take al-acak-ları the X they will take gid-eceğ-i the X (s)he/it will go gid-ecek-leri the X they will go ara-yacağ-ı the X (s)he/it will seek ara-yacak-ları the X they will seek bekle-yeceğ-i the X (s)he/it will wait bekle-yecek-leri the X they will wait
4. -alım : -elim : -yalım : -yelim - Сослагательное/Желательное. 1-е лицо мн. ч.: koş-alım Let us run! gid-elim Let us go! oku-yalım Let us read! bekle-yelim Let us wait!
5. -ama : -eme : -yama : -yeme : - Potential. Negative: al-ama-dı (s)he/it could not take gel-eme-di (s)he/it could not go oku-yama-dı (s)he/it could not read bekle-yeme-di (s)he/it could not wait
6. -an : -en : -yan : -yen - : al-an who takes/has taken/took gid-en who goes/has gone/went ara-yan who seeks/has sought/sought bekle-yen who wait/has waited/waited
7. -ar : -er [нет -yar : -yer] - : Аjhbcn. Positive
8. -ar-ak : -erek : -yarak : -yerek - Герундий/Converb: vur-arak by shooting bil-erek (by) knowing(ly) ağla-yarak crying di-yerek (by) saying
9. -as-ın : -esin : -yasın : -yesin - Сослагательное/Желательное накл. 2-е лицо ед. ч.: al-asın that you take gid-esin that you go oku-yasın that you read bekle-yesin that you wait
10. -as-ın-ız : -esiniz : -yasınız : -yesiniz - Сослагательное/Желательное накл. 2-е лицо мн. ч.: al-asınız that you take gid-esiniz that you go oku-yasınız that you read bekle-yesiniz that you wait
11. -ayım : -eyim : -yayım : -yeyim - Сослагательное/Желательное накл. 1-е лицо ед. ч.: koş-ayım that I run gid-eyim that I go oku-yayım that I read bekle-yeyim that I wait
12. -da : -de : -ta : -te - местный падеж: araba-da by/in the car ev-de by the house; at home ağaç-ta by the tree eşek-te by the donkey
13. -dan : -den : -tan : -ten - отложительный падеж: orman-dan from/via the forest köprü-den from/via the bridge ağaç-tan from the tree eşek-ten from the donkey
14. -dı : -di : -du : -dü : -tı : -ti : -tu : -tü : -y-dı : -ydi : -ydu : -ydü - Copula 'to be'. DI-past.: Alman-dı (s)he was German ev-di it was a house bavul-du it was a suitcase gül-dü it was a rose at-tı it was a horse köpek-ti it was a dog dost-tu (s)he was a friend Türk-tü (s)he was a Turk araba-ydı it was a car belli-ydi it was clear/obvious havlu-ydu it was a towel köprü-ydü it was a bridge
15. -dığ- : -diğ- : -duğ- : -düğ- : -tığ- : -tiğ- : -tuğ- : -tüğ- : -dık : -dik : -duk : -dük : -tık : -tik : -tuk : -tük - Причастие in -DIK. Personal: al-dığ-ı the X (s)he/it takes/has taken/took al-dık-ları the X they take/have taken/took ver-diğ-i the X (s)he/it gives/has given/gave ver-dik-leri the X they give/have given/gave bul-duğ-u the X (s)he/it finds/has found/found bul-duk-ları the X they find/have found/found gör-düğ-ü the X (s)he/it sees/has seen/saw gör-dük-leri the X they see/have seen/saw at-tığ-ı the X (s)he/it throws/has thrown/threw at-tık-ları the X they throw/have thrown/threw git-tiğ-i the X (s)he/it goes/has gone/went git-tik-leri the X they go/have gone/went koş-tuğ-u the X (s)he/it runs/has run/ran koş-tuk-ları the X they run/have run/ran gözük-tüğ-ü the X (s)he/it appears/has appeared/ appeared gözük-tük-leri the X they appear/have appeared/ appeared
16. -dık-ça : -dikçe : -dukça : -dükçe : -tıkça : -tikçe : -tukça : -tükçe - Герундий/Converb in -DIkçA: al-dıkça the more (s)he/it takes/took... bil-dikçe the more (s)he/it knows/ knew... bul-dukça the more (s)he/it finds/found... öl-dükçe the more (s)he/it dies/died at-tıkça the more (s)he/it throws/threw git-tikçe the more (s)he/it goes/went koş-tukça the more (s)he/it runs/ran öt-tükçe the more (s)he/it squeaks/squeaked
17. -dır : -dir : -dur : -dür : -tır : -tir : -tur : -tür - Частица : hasta-dır (s)he is ill zengin-dir (s)he is rich suçlu-dur (s)he is guilty kötü-dür (s)he/it is bad yasak-tır it is forbidden garip-tir (s)he/it is strange yok-tur there is no(t) Türk-tür (s)he is a Turk
18. -ı : -i : -u : -ü : -yı : -yu : -yi : -yü - Винительный падеж; Притяжательный суффикс. 3-е лицо ед. ч.: at-ı horse (object) ev-i house (object) top-u ball (object) gül-ü rose (object) araba-yı car (object) gemi-yi ship (object) soru-yu question (object) köprü-yü bridge (object)
19. -ım : -im : -um : -üm : -yım : -yum : -yim : -yüm - Притяжательный суффикс. 1-е лицо ед. ч.; Copula 'to be'. Настоящее вр.. 1-е лицо ед. ч.. Личное окончание. Тип I: Alman-ım I am German zengin-im I am rich yok-um I am not present Türk-üm I am Turkish hasta-yım I am ill evli-yim I am married suçlu-yum I am guilty kötü-yüm I am bad
20. -ım-ız : -imiz : -umuz : -ümüz [нет -yım-ız : -yumuz] - Притяжательный суффикс. 1-е лицо мн. ч.: at-ımız our horse ev-imiz our house araba-mız our car gece-miz our evening soru-muz our question köprü-müz our bridge top-umuz our ball gül-ümüz our rose
21. -ın : -in : -un : -ün : -yın : -yun : -yin : -yün - родительный падеж; Притяжательный суффикс. 2-е лицо ед. ч.; Повелительное накл.. 2-е лицо мн. ч..: al-ın Take! anlat-ınız Explain! gid-in Go! gel-iniz Come! koy-un Put! bul-unuz Find! gör-ün See! gül-ünüz Laugh! yaşa-yın Live! anla-yınız Understand! bekle-yin Wait! ekle-yiniz Add! oku-yun Read! uyu-yunuz Sleep! yürü-yün Walk! büyü-yünüz Grow up!
22. -ın- : -in- : -un- : -ün- - Притяжательный суффикс. 3-е лицо ед. ч.: at-ı its/his/her horse at-ın-a onto its/his/her horse ev-i its/his/her house ev-in-e to its/his/her house araba-sı its/his/her car araba-sın-da in its/his/her car gece-si its/his/her evening gece-sin-de on its/his/her evening soru-su its/his/her question soru-sun-a to its/his/her question köprü-sü its/his/her bridge köprü-sün-de on its/his/her bridge top-u its/his/her ball top-un-da on its/his/her ball gül-ü its/his/her rose gül-ün-de on its/his/her rose
23. -ın-ca : -ince : -unca : -ünce : -yınca : -yunca : -yince : -yünce - Герундий/Converb: al-ınca when (s)he/it has taken gel-ince when (s)he/it has come bul-unca when (s)he/it has found öl-ünce when (s)he/it has died ara-yınca when (s)he/it has sought bekle-yince when (s)he/it has waited oku-yunca when (s)he/it has read büyü-yünce when (s)he/it has grown up
24. -ın-ız : -iniz : -unuz : -ünüz : -yınız : -yunuz : -yiniz : -yünüz - Притяжательный суффикс. 2-е лицо мн. ч.; Повелительное накл.. 2-е лицо мн. ч.: al-ın Take! anlat-ınız Explain! gid-in Go! gel-iniz Come! koy-un Put! bul-unuz Find! gör-ün See! gül-ünüz Laugh! yaşa-yın Live! anla-yınız Understand! bekle-yin Wait! ekle-yiniz Add! oku-yun Read! uyu-yunuz Sleep! yürü-yün Walk! büyü-yünüz Grow up!
25. -ıp : -ip : -up : -üp : -yıp : -yup : -yip : -yüp - Герундий/Converb: al-ıp take and gel-ip come and bul-up find and öl-üp die and ara-yıp seek and bekle-yip wait and oku-yup read and büyü-yüp grow up and
26. -ır : -ir : -ur : -ür - Аjhbcn. Positive; Причастие: ???
27. -ıyor : -iyor : -uyor : -üyor - Настоящее вр. : al-ıyor (s)he/it takes gid-iyor (s)he/it goes bul-uyor (s)he/it finds öl-üyor (s)he/it dies
28. -ız : -iz : -uz : -üz : yız : -yuz : -yiz : -yüz - Copula 'to be'. Настоящее вр.. 1-е лицо мн. ч.. Личное окончание. Тип I: Alman-ız we are German(s) zengin-iz we are rich çocuğ-uz we are children Türk-üz we are Turk(s) hasta-yız we are ill evli-yiz we are married suçlu-yuz we are guilty kötü-yüz we are bad
29. -k - Личное окончание. 1-е лицо мн. ч.. Тип II: ?
30. -ken : -y-ken [нет -kan : -y-kan] - Герундий/Converb: al-ır-ken while taking ol-malı-yken while necessarily being
31. -la : -le : -yla : -yle - Предлог 'with': uçak-la by plane kimin-le with whom? dadası-yla with his/her uncle annesi-yle with his/her mother
32. -lar : -ler - Постфикс множественного числа; Личное окончание. 3-е лицо мн. ч.. Тип II; Copula 'to be'. Настоящее вр.. 3-е лицо мн. ч.. Личное окончание. Тип I: ??
33. -ları : -leri - Притяжательный суффикс. 3-е лицо мн. ч.: araba-ları their car(s) at-ların-da on their horse(s) ev-leri their house(s) ev-lerin-de in their house(s)
34. -lar-ın- : -lerin- - Притяжательный суффикс. 3-е лицо мн. ч.: araba-ları their car(s) at-ların-da on their horse(s) ev-leri their house(s) ev-lerin-de in their house(s)
35. -m - Притяжательный суффикс. 1-е лицо ед. ч.; Личное окончание. 1-е лицо ед. ч.. Тип II: ?
36. -ma : -me - Negative; Verbal noun:
37. -ma-dan : -meden - Герундий/Converb: al-madan before/without taking git-meden before/without going
38. -mak : -mek - Infinitive: al-mak to take git-mek to go
39. -mak-sız-ın : -meksizin - Герундий/Converb: al-maksızın without taking git-meksizin without going
40. -mak-ta : -mekte - Настоящее вр.: al-makta (s)he/it takes git-mekte (s)he/it goes
41. -mak-tan-sa : -mektense - Герундий/Converb: al-maktansa instead of/rather than taking git-mektense instead of/rather than going
42. -malı : -meli - Necessitative: al-malı (s)he/it has to take git-meli (s)he/it has to go
43. -maz : -mez - Аjhbcn. Negative: yap-maz (s)he/it does not do git-mez (s)he/it does not go
44. -mı : -mi : -mu : -mü - Interrogative particle: araba mı? a car? gemi mi? a ship? soru mu? a question? köprü mü? a bridge?
45. -mış : -miş : -muş : -müş : -y-mış : -ymiş : -ymuş : -ymüş - Copula 'to be'. Inferential/Indirective; Past; Причастие: Alman-mış (s)he is/was apparently German zengin-miş (s)he is/was apparently rich bavul-muş it is/was apparently a suitcase Türk-müş (s)he is/was apparently a Turk hasta-ymış (s)he is/was apparently ill evli-ymiş (s)he is/was apparently married yolcu-ymuş (s)he is/was apparently a traveller köprü-ymüş it is/was apparently a bridge
46. -mız : -miz : -muz : -müz - Притяжательный суффикс. 1-е лицо мн. ч.: at-ımız our horse ev-imiz our house araba-mız our car gece-miz our evening soru-muz our question köprü-müz our bridge top-umuz our ball gül-ümüz our rose
47. -n - Притяжательный суффикс. 2-е лицо ед. ч.; Личное окончание. 2-е лицо ед. ч.. Тип II: ?
48. -nın : -nin : -nun : -nün - родительный падеж: at-ın of the horse ev-in of the house araba-nın of the car gece-nin of the evening soru-nun of the question köprü-nün of the bridge top-un of the ball gül-ün of the rose
49. -nız : -niz : -nuz : -nüz - Притяжательный суффикс. 2-е лицо мн. ч.; Личное окончание. 2-е лицо мн. ч. Тип II.: ?
50. -r - Аjhbcn. Positive: yap-ar (s)he/it does gid-er (s)he/it goes al-ır (s)he/it takes bil-ir (s)he/it knows bekle-r (s)he/it waits bul-ur (s)he/it finds öl-ür (s)he/it dies
51. -sa : -se : -y-sa : -yse - Copula 'to be'. Conditional: Alman-sa if (s)he is German zengin-se if (s)he is rich hasta-ysa if (s)he is ill zengin-di-yse if (s)he was rich
52. -sı : -si : -su : -sü - Притяжательный суффикс. 3-е лицо ед. ч.: at-ı its/his/her horse at-ın-a onto its/his/her horse ev-i its/his/her house ev-in-e to its/his/her house araba-sı its/his/her car araba-sın-da in its/his/her car gece-si its/his/her evening gece-sin-de on its/his/her evening soru-su its/his/her question soru-sun-a to its/his/her question köprü-sü its/his/her bridge köprü-sün-de on its/his/her bridge top-u its/his/her ball top-un-da on its/his/her ball gül-ü its/his/her rose gül-ün-de on its/his/her rose
53. -sın : -sin : -sun : -sün - Copula 'to be'. Настоящее вр.. 2-е лицо ед. ч.. Личное окончание. Тип I; Повелительное накл. 3-е лицо ед. ч.: ?
54. -sın- : -sin- : -sun- : -sün- - Притяжательный суффикс. 3-е лицо ед. ч.: at-ı its/his/her horse at-ın-a onto its/his/her horse ev-i its/his/her house ev-in-e to its/his/her house araba-sı its/his/her car araba-sın-da in its/his/her car gece-si its/his/her evening gece-sin-de on its/his/her evening soru-su its/his/her question soru-sun-a to its/his/her question köprü-sü its/his/her bridge köprü-sün-de on its/his/her bridge top-u its/his/her ball top-un-da on its/his/her ball gül-ü its/his/her rose gül-ün-de on its/his/her rose
55. -sı-nız : -siniz : -sunuz : -sünüz - Copula 'to be'. Настоящее вр.. 2-е лицо мн. ч.. Личное окончание. Тип I: Alman-sınız you are German(s) zengin-siniz you are rich suçlu-sunuz you are guilty Türk-sünüz you are Turks(s)
56. -sın-lar : -sinler : -sunlar : -sünler - Повелительное накл.. 3-е лицо мн. ч.: al-sınlar Let them take! git-sinler Let them go! koş-sunlar Let them run! öl-sünler Let them die!

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© «Сайт Игоря Гаршина», 2002, 2005. Автор и владелец - Игорь Константинович Гаршин (см. резюме). Пишите письма ().

Страница обновлена 22.03.2024